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Thursday, March 27, 2014

Timeline of Major Events

1751-1772: Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia outlines Enlightenment ideas and the accomplishments of ordinary people
1762: Jean-Jacques Rousseau claims that nature makes all men born free and they are then enslaved by the confines of government
1776: American Revolution begins with the Declaration of Independence
 
1776: Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations suggests prosperity comes from freeing the economy of government control (monopolies and mercantilism). 
1789: U.S. Constitution is created as the French Revolution begins
1792: French declares itself a republic
1793: French "Reign of Terror" kills tens of thousands led by Maximilian Robespierre
1799: Napoleon comes into power in France as First Consul
1804: Haiti gains its independence from France
1811: Simon Bolivar begins revolution in Latin America to free colonies from European control
 
1812: Fledgling U.S. fights with Britain for control over the British North American territory
1815: Napoleon's conquests are brought to an end with his defeat at Waterloo
1816: Argentina gains independence from Spain
1817: Chile gains independence from Spain
1821: Mexico and Peru gain independence from Spain
1822: Brazil gains independence from Portugal
1825: Bolivia becomes independent from Spain

Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

Key People in the Enlightenment Era

Denis Diderot (1713–1784)
A French scholar who was the primary editor of the Encyclopédie, a massive thirty-five-volume compilation of human knowledge in the arts and sciences, along with commentary from a number of Enlightenment thinkers. TheEncyclopédie became a prominent symbol of the Enlightenment and helped spread the movement throughout Europe
John Locke (1632–1704)
An English political theorist who focused on the structure of governments. Locke believed that men are all rational and capable people but must compromise some of their beliefs in the interest of forming a government for the people. In his famous Two Treatises of Government (1690), he championed the idea of a representative government that would best serve all constituents.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
An eclectic Swiss-French thinker who brought his own approach to the Enlightenment, believing that man was at his best when unshackled by the conventions of society. Rousseau’s epic The Social Contract (1762) conceived of a system of direct democracy in which all citizens contribute to an overarching “general will” that serves everyone at once. Later in his life, Rousseau releasedConfessions (1789), which brought a previously unheard-of degree of personal disclosure to the genre of autobiography. The frank personal revelations and emotional discussions were a major cause for the shift toward Romanticism
Adam Smith (1723–1790)
An influential Scottish economist who objected to the stiflingmercantilist systems that were in place during the late eighteenth century. In response, Smith wrote the seminal Wealth of Nations (1776), a dissertation criticizing mercantilism and describing the many merits of a free trade system.
Voltaire (1694–1778)
A French writer and the primary satirist of the Enlightenment, who criticized religion and leading philosophies of the time. Voltaire’s numerous plays and essays frequently advocated freedom from the ploys of religion, while Candide(1759), the most notable of his works, conveyed his criticisms of optimism and superstition into a neat package.
Source:
SparkNotes. SparkNotes, n.d. Web. 26 Mar. 2014.

What other new ideologies did the Enlightenment stimulate?

Enlightenment thinkers and philosophers such as John Locke, Adam Smith, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jeremy Bentham, Denis Diderot, and Montesquieu created new ideologies, some of which became majorly popular with the common people. An example of one of these ideologies would be Rationalism which is the idea that a belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response. This idea was created by Voltaire who influenced the ideas of the philosophers of Continental Rationalism.

D'après Maurice Quentin de La Tour, Portrait de Voltaire, détail du visage (château de Ferney).jpg Voltaire

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire

Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

What people or issues did Enlightenment thinkers ignore or overlook?

While Enlightenment thinkers' ideas encompassed many large problems of their time, they also overlooked some other important issues. While many thinkers advocated natural rights and equality, these ideas did not extend to slaves and women. Women continued to be oppressed and have inferior rights to men. Africans and Amerindians continued to be enslaved in the millions and suffered in harsh conditions on plantations. This slavery was justified by flawed science that claimed Africans were less developed than their European counterparts as well as Bible and other religious writings that made illusions to slavery.  Revolutions caused by Enlightenment ideas helped oppressed groups gain some rights as new leaders rose and new governments were born.


Slaves being forced to work on plantations

http://www.brh.org.uk/gallery/slavery/sugarcane.jpg
Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

Key Terms

1. American Revolution- A Revolution by the people of the British colonies in the New World, a long war in which the Colonists were eventually victorious and were assisted by Britain's rivals such as France
2. Pugachev Revolution- A Revolution in Russia that began as a peasant revolt and developed into a full fledged Rebellion. The war lasted from 1773-1775 and was led by a former lieutenant named Yemelyan Pugachev for whom the rebellion is named
3. The French Revolution- A Revolution in France that was from 1789-1999. During the revolution there was a lot of anger and hatred towards the monarchy and resulted in the decapitation of the Royal Family
4. Serfdom- a system of social hierarchy where "serfs" or peasants tied to the land worked for nobles on their and gave them a large percentage of their crops. 
5. Declaration of Independence- the document that explained the reasons for the American Revolution as well stated the leaders of the Revolution
6. Declaration of the Rights of Man- A document made by the people during the French Revolution that stated the Natural given rights of people (men) and pointed out that the monarchy was not allowing the commoners their born rights.
7. National Identity-  A sense of belonging to one area or country. This unites and makes whole the people of a country, nation or a state
8. Nationalism- being patriotic or the feeling of patriotism towards your country
9. Federalism- a system of government which is union of states
10. Constitutional Government- a type of government in which it is held accountable by a Constitution which is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents 
11. Republic- a government expressing the interests of the people
12. Romanticism- A European philosophy that valued feeling over reason and focused on nature, imagination and traditions 
13. Maroons- societies of freed and escaped slaves living as a freed community. Effort on the part of the authorities was put into shutting down such communities but they remained active for a long time.
14. Liberalism- a philosophy base on liberty and equality
15. Focuses of the Enlightenment- the Enlightenment valued Personal Freedoms, Natural Rights and Freedom from Monarchic abuse
16. Natural Rights- rights such life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness which are given at birth and can not be taken away by any monarchy or any other kind of government.
17. Anti-colonialism- philosophy in colonies that pointed out flaws in the mother countries such as Britain, France, ect and inspired revolution and reform.
18. Aufklärung- the German Enlightenment
19. Enlightened Absolutism- a technique used by monarchs threatened by Enlightenment reforms, Monarchs accepted Enlightenment reforms and ideologies but kept their absolute authority
20. Glorious Revolution- The rebellion in England which took the crown from Catholic king James II and gave it to new Protestant monarchs
21. Individualism- recognizing each individual as valuable and important
22. Rationalism- using reason to arrive at truth 
23. Relativism- all beliefs and ideas have equal merit
24. Separation of Power- idea that government should be divided into branches, judicial, legislative, executive
25. Skepticism- a response to rationalism which stated that human senses are too easily fooled to trust
26. Thirty Years’ War- conflict in Germany from 1618-1648,  Resulted in the deaths of a third of Germany's population
28. Salons- meeting place for the wealth and intellectual elites to meet
29. Deism- belief system in which they believed in an all-powerful God but believed that once God  created everything he set everything into motion. Those who followed this philosophy referred to god as "a cosmic watch maker."

Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.
https://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/enlightenment/terms.html

Friday, March 21, 2014

What new political ideologies developed from ca. 1750-1900?


New political theories continuously were developed and put to use as new nation-states and governments arose amid revolutions and reform. Nationalism, a belief in the importance of one's nation, became evident in nation-building that occured in Brazil, Russia, Italy, and Germany, as well as other states. The use of a republic, as seen around the time of the French Revolution, was another form of government employed. Liberalism, the focus on liberty and equality, was employed in emerging nations such as the United States. Conservatism was yet another political ideology that emphasized continuation of traditional organization and went against change in order. From 1750-1900, political organization was altered through new ideologies that began to develop, and in turn new systems of government grew and thrived.
Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.
The Third French Republic symbol
Source for photo: http://countries.wikia.com/wiki/Third_French_Republic

What was the relationship between nationalism and anti-colonialism?

Nationalism and anti-colonialism are very closely knit in the sense that they were both helped lead to revolutions and each one stimulated the other. The unity of culture and tradition created a sense of nationalism (a pride in their own history and tradition) among the people and motivated them to break away from their mother countries and form their own governments under their own laws. In the same way, anti-colonialism also sometimes spawned nationalism. Anti-colonialists pointed out the flaws in the governance of the mother countries (Portugal, Spain, France, Britain) and helped inspire others to think that they themselves could do a better job than the distant rulers who shared neither their history nor their objectives. In this way, nationalism and anti-colonialism were united in revolution and helped each other thrive in the new governments formed in former colonies.

https://www.msu.edu/user/hillrr/161lec16_files/image008.jpg

Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

How did religion influence nationalism?

Nationalism, defined as the belief in the importance of one's nation, was somewhat negatively affected by religion. People in countries with different religions found themselves further divided by their religious beliefs. As nationalism attempted to further unite citizens in a country, it became more difficult to unify people with contrasting religious beliefs. The struggle to fully unite people of a country was evident with rebellions such as the Taiping rebellion and the Ghost Dance. The Taiping rebellion occurred between the Qing government and Christian rebels led by a leader who referred to himself as a brother to Jesus, chosen by god to overthrow the existing Qing government. This rebellion went against the attempt for nationalism by further dividing China amongst itself. The Ghost Dance was a spiritual movement by Native Americans in the United States. The Native Americans began to envision reverting to their old ways without superiority of the oppressive Europeans. This was yet another event that contrasted the goal of uniting people of a country through nationalism.
Below: the Taiping Rebellion



Source for photo:
http://taipingrebellion.com/north.htm

Source:

Gloria, Young A. "GHOST DANCE." GHOST DANCE. Oklahoma Historical Society, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014.

"The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1871 Tai Ping Tian Guo." The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1871 Tai Ping Tian Guo. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Mar. 2014.







Enlightenment Thinkers and Their Luscious Flow

John Locke-
John Locke
http://jpetrie.myweb.uga.edu/Locke.html

Adam Smith-

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg

Jean-Jacques Rousseau-

http://www.dromo.info/Rousseau.gif

Jeremy Bentham-

http://www.nndb.com/people/639/000055474/bentham-sized.jpg


http://www.age-des-celebrites.com/photos/D/denis-diderot.png

Montesquieu-

http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/montesquieu/montesquieu.jpg

Friday, March 14, 2014


How did slaves' resistance affect existing authorities in The Americas

Enslaved people rarely accept and live with being denied their God given rights such as the freedom to decide their own destiny and to live in charge of their own life. As such enslaved Africans and slaves everywhere most often fought against their captivity, some in dramatic, revolutionary ways and others just by peacefully working for mutual understanding. Some choose to leave the society that enslaved them all together, forming communities of escaped slaves and free Africans, these communities were called maroons. Maroons and other signs of rebellion served as symbols of resistance for freed and captive slaves alike. these symbols challenged authorities whose task it was to enforce laws even if those laws were corrupted and unfair. However despite an effort to exterminate Maroons they and other signs of resistance stayed active for much longer than authorities expected.



Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.
"PortCities Bristol." The Maroons of Jamaica.  Web. 18 Mar. 2014.

How did rebellions in the Americas and Europe reflect Enlightenment ideals?

Rebellions and revolutions in the Americas and Europe often occurred due to the rise of new ideals of government based upon Enlightenment philosophies. In France, dissatisfaction with the existing monarchy led to the formation of a Republic. The monarchy previously in power was overthrown and the monarchs were executed. This new system of a Republic employed represented the interests of all of the citizens. Focuses of Enlightenment included personal freedoms, natural rights, and the elimination of the abuses of a Monarchy, all of which were attempted to achieve in the formation of a Republic. Napoleon Bonaparte, a student of Enlightenment though and a military leader, also used Enlightenment ideals while ruling countries in Europe. In North America, colonists became increasingly connected with other countries and in turn new ideas brought forth by the Enlightenment. With exposure to these new ideals in government, rebellions began to occur in the colonies. Colonists protested taxation without representation, and later emerged as an independent country. The Declaration of Independence of the colonies also emphasized an Enlightened Doctrine of Rights, that included the rights of, "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." In South America, revolutions also were led by leaders educated with Enlightenment ideals. New ideaologies of government inspired by the Enlightenment included conservatism, romanticism, and nationalism (which coordinated with liberalism). These government forms evolved after rebellions in the Americas in Europe in response to protests of the current government.
Below: the First French Republic

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic
Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

What new political ideas the individual, natural rights, and the social contract did the Enlightenment develop?

One of the major and most influential ideas during the enlightenment period was the idea that political power should be held in the the hands of the people, and that the government should be run by the elected representatives (ie. Parliament, Congress, The of Respresentatives, etc.) resulting in the many rebellions to overthrow thet totalitarian governments of this time period.

“Men have rights by their nature... We give up our right to ourselves exact [revenge] for crimes in return for [nonjudgmental] justice backed by overwhelming force. We retain the right to life and liberty, and gain the right to just, impartial protection of our property." -John Locke

One of the most fought for ideas of the enlightenment was that of natural rights. Natural Rights us the philosophy that all men, women, and children are born with natural rights, freedoms, and responsibilities that cannot be taken away by any form of government. The most common natural rights today would be the Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Assembly, and the Freedom to own property. The quote above from John Locke lists several others that led to revolutions from 1750-1900. 

Another important philosophy at this time would have been social contracting (most commonly promoted by John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rossesu). According to Wolfram Alpha Social contracting is defined as "an implicit agreement among people that results in organization of society". Some of the most commonly known examples are the egalitarian ideas and thet idea that all races are equal.


http://i1.cpcache.com/product_zoom/37241549/philosophy_john_locke_wall_clock.jpg?height=460&width=460&padToSquare=true

Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

What role did the Enlightenment play in making political revolutions &rebellions possible?

The Enlightenment resulted in people being able to voice in government and public affairs. By being able to voice their own opinion they had the desire to decide what happens to themselves by the hands of the parliament and their ruler. Through wanting to be able to control the fate of their country, through voting, they began to lead rebellions and establishing governments where the general population would rule over the themselves instead of a single sovereignty and elect representatives to guide them and make the major decisions that could either harm or help them.

http://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/women-and-patriotism-in-eighteenth-century/
Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

Thursday, March 13, 2014

How did subject people relate to their ruling government?

During this time period there was a lot of resentment against sovereign rulers who tended to oppress their citizens, which in most cases sparked revolts against kings, queens, tyrants, and any other form of single ruler. During the enlightenment people began to become more learned and therefore were able to see that their rulers had been given too much power over their countries and people. When this was seen many philosophers began to spread ideas which created resentment against rulers who refused to rule fairly and forfeit some power.




http://02varvara.wordpress.com/2010/03/02/a-good-king-21-january-the-memorial-day-for-king-louis-xvi/the-execution-of-king-louis/
Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.


How did governments use these new ideas(nationalism and National Identity)on their populations?


The ideas of national identity and nationalism bound people together based on where they lived, where they were from, and what their ethnicity is. Government, local and nationwide, used this sense of similarity to unify people's from certain areas. They often accomplished this by developing an enemy or rival to rally against, for example people who are from the East of a City or a country might be more competitive with people from the West then they would against their fellow Eastsider. Even in modern day politicians use these techniques to get more support from people who identify with one side or another (Ex. Democrats v.s. republicans). During the Enlightenment identifying yourself with a country and claiming another was your enemy could help win you support from common people as distract them from how their own government was being run. This would have been an especially valuable skill to have during this time of Revolution and Reform.





http://www.peachpundit.com/
Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

Friday, March 7, 2014

What social & political norms did Enlightenment thinkers challenge?What were the effects of their questioning?

Citizens upset with the social and political norms in their countries rebelled and proceeded to replace the corrupt governments and social systems that they viewed as ineffective or unfair. Russian citizens were unsatisfied with the idea of serfdom and took up arms in what was known as the Pugachev Rebellion. In the Western Hemisphere, the American Colonies began to protest British taxation without representation and saw the need for a federation. The French Revolution occured to a dissatisfaction with the current corrupt monarchy, and in turn a republic was formed as an alternative form of government. However, after the conquering of Napoleon, the French returned to their previously used government of monarchy, but with limitations. The United States formed a republic, where the interests of the citizens were to be represented in the government, after it's war with England. Uprisings usually occured due to abuses of the current government, such as excessive spending or violations of the rights of citizens. Social systems, such as serfdom, were also regarded as irrational and unfair. New forms of government were used in an attempt to avoid the mistakes made by past leaders and to efficiently and fairly run a country. Documents such as the Declaration of Independece and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens were created in order to establish laws and outline the intentions of the new government.
See below: the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, 1776



http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trt024.html
Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

What is the basis of national identity and nationalism?

Soon after the revolutions in the Americas and France, nationalism and national identity became prominent in these nations. Nationalism, a belief in the importance of one's nation, stemmed from the recent victories of the revolutionaries, and their newfound rights. Pride of their own unique laws, traditions, language, and history, were the basis of each country's national identity, the qualities that defined them as a nation. National identity also proved a uniting factor among peoples and helped cement them together to overcome future obstacles.



Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

How did the Enlightenment evaluate the role of religion in public life?

The curiosity and spirit of reform that was inspired by the Enlightenment did not stop at government, Enlightened philosophers and the educated challenge their government which is evident in the revolutions and reforms that took place during this time but they also began to question relgion and the role it played in their daily lives. Philosophers and everday ctizens began to become critical of relgious truths and explanations of the unknown phenomenon of that time. People soon began to turn to science and inductive reasoning to solve mysteries and unexplainable circumstance. For the most part people in the Enlightement and onward began to reduce the value they placed on religous explanations and restrictions on everyday life. Even thoguh some began to rely entirely on inductive reasoning the majority of the population still followed religious doctrine and explanation on many matters and most did not go so far as to believe only in thier own reasoning.
Source for photo: http://www.kent.ac.uk/secl/philosophy/jw/reasoning/teaching.htm

Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

Thursday, March 6, 2014

How did political rebellions affect the political structures and ideologies around the world?

Many times, political rebellions were caused by the protests of unsatisfied citizens, who, as Locke said was there right, deemed their government unworthy and proceeded to take it down. These rebellions spawned new interesting forms of government such as federalism (a union of states), in the U.S., republic (government expressing the interests of the people), and the increase of constitutional governments. These revolutions also reinforced new ideologies in the minds of the common people. The ideas of natural rights and equality for all -with the exception of women and slaves- became more widely accepted and were expressed in the U.S. Declaration of Independence as well as France's Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. Nationalism inspired the people of the United States and France while those opposes to the rebellions adopted conservatism in support of aged traditions. Liberalism also became closely associated with nationalism because governments gave their people free opportunities in commerce. Romanticism also grew, inspiring art and imagination. Napoleon's conquests spread these ideas across Europe as well as the new philosophy that women should be submissive (contrary to the few gains in rights they had initially made). These ideologies both helped and hindered these nations as they moved on into the industrial revolution.


Following the French Revolution in 1789, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen granted specific freedoms from oppression, as an “expression of the general will.”French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen
http://www.humanrights.com/what-are-human-rights/brief-history/declaration-of-human-rights.html

Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

How did Enlightenment thinkers affect understandings of therelationship between the natural world and humans?

Enlightenment thinkers proposed new ideas regarding the relationship between the natural world and humans that led to a new understanding of the physical world. A key component of the Enlightenment was that the human world could be understood in the same way as the natural world; both the natural and  human world can be manipulated once understood. New thinkers used reason and rationality to understand their world. As far as religious doctrines were concerned, they were considered irrelevant regarding the human and physical world. Thinkers of the seventeenth century began to diverge away from religious reasoning and more towards using science and observation to understand the nature of humans. The scientific revolution and empiricism both supported the idea that human observation is an accurate indicator for future natural events, as well as the focus on questioning through science. Religious reasoning became second to science and natural laws.
Source:
http://www.csudh.edu/phenom_studies/western/lect_8.html
Video on Enlightenment: Intellectual and Social Revolution (and how observation moved from religious to scientific):


a painting depicting aspects of the scientific revolution
http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/story.php?title=baroque-in-protestant-north--scientific-revolution

Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.

How did both the Enlightenment and the colonized peoples' actions affect political developments after 1750?

In the mid 18th century, increased literacy in Europe led to the spread of knowledge among the "common" people and created frequent debates over political change in a process called the Enlightenment. Philosophers proposed new political ideas concerning forms of government and published their theories, sparking resentment among European citizens against their ruling governments. Citizens took matters into their own hands and they began to rebel against the governments which they believed had become corrupted and no longer expressed the views and needs of the people. The ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke became adopted in new forms of government, specifically governance by citizen representation. Other ideas included themes of freedom and opportunity, contract governments, and liberalism.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hogarth
Rebelling Citizens

"All mankind... being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions." -John Locke

This quote shows new ideas concerning the rights of man, which became a common aspect of political reform.
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/j/johnlocke169395.html#vzsJ50UiHflKkL3c.99

Smith, Bonnie G., Richard Von Glahn, and Kris E. Lane. Crossroads and Cultures: A History of the World's Peoples. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. Print.